How the expression of Cas proteins in bacterial CRISPR-Cas immune system adapts to the constantly changing CRISPR structures and crRNA expression levels has been a long-standing unresolved question.

Immune surveillance constitutes a powerful defense mechanism thwarting the development of cancer. Orchestrated by the coordinated actions of cells and active molecules originating from both the innate ...

CRISPR-Cas 9 is a gene-editing tool that made it possible to rewrite any organism's genetic code and tackle genetic diseases more effectively. Known as genetic scissors, CRISPR identifies a DNA ...

Computational methods have long had a pivotal role in advancing biophysics and structural biology 1,2. Genome-editing systems, such as CRISPR–Cas9 (ref. 3) and other CRISPR effector proteins 4, are ...

Humans can benefit significantly from symbiotic relationships with probiotics - live bacteria and microorganisms that influence the gut microbiota. When consumed in appropriate amounts, probiotics can ...

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins are core components of fast-evolving therapeutic gene editing tools. Scientists have used CRISPR ...

Like the human immune system, bacteria learn from past infections. CRISPR sequences—short snippets of DNA from previous viruses—guide destructive enzymes towards invading bacteriophages that express ...